Nanoplastics can penetrate biological membranes and induce neurotoxic effects such as oxidative stress and neurotransmitter disruption.

Research indicates that nanoplastics, due to their small size and high surface area, cross biological barriers including the blood-brain barrier. Experimental studies have shown oxidative damage and inhibition of key enzymes like acetylcholinesterase in exposed organisms, suggesting potential behavioral and neurological impacts. However, the dose-response relationships and long-term effects remain incompletely characterized, requiring further systematic toxicological investigation.