Some drugs can cause brain cell death and permanent cognitive impairments.

Certain substances, such as inhalants and opioids, can be toxic to nerve cells, either killing them or severely damaging their function. Since neurons in many brain regions do not regenerate, this damage can lead to lasting problems with cognition, memory, and emotional regulation. Additionally, opioid overdose can cause hypoxia — a lack of oxygen to the brain — resulting in coma or permanent brain damage.