The Bismarck model preserves private ownership of clinical delivery systems, while the Beveridge model relies on state-owned hospitals and salaried public doctors.

In Germany and Japan, healthcare delivery remains largely private. Physicians operate as independent contractors, and hospitals function as private or non-profit corporations. They receive reimbursement via negotiated rate settings. Conversely, the Beveridge model, exemplified by the British National Health Service, nationalizes healthcare delivery. The state owns the physical clinics. Doctors work directly as salaried civil servants, which simplifies cost controls but limits provider competition.