The traditional site of Golgotha is today enshrined within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

This claim rests on a robust historical and archaeological tradition dating back to the 4th century CE. Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in 326 CE to identify sites associated with Jesus' life. Guided by local Christian tradition, she identified a site that had been covered by a Roman temple to Venus/Jupiter built by Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century. This pagan temple was deliberately constructed over what Christians venerated as the burial and crucifixion sites, ironically preserving their memory. Constantine subsequently ordered the temple's demolition and the construction of a grand basilica, dedicated in 335 CE, which housed both the tomb (the Anastasis Rotunda) and the rock of Golgotha.